OWASP 클라우드 네이티브 애플리케이션 보안 톱 10

# Running container as root with no resource limits
FROM ubuntu:latest
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl wget
COPY app /app
# No USER directive — runs as root!
CMD ["/app/server"]

FROM gcr.io/distroless/static:nonroot
COPY --chown=65534:65534 app /app
USER 65534:65534
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["/app/server"]

# Lambda function processing S3 event without sanitizing filename
import os

def handler(event, context):
    bucket = event['Records'][0]['s3']['bucket']['name']
    key = event['Records'][0]['s3']['object']['key']
    # Command injection via crafted filename!
    os.system(f"aws s3 cp s3://{bucket}/{key} /tmp/{key}")

import boto3, re
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus

def handler(event, context):
    s3 = boto3.client('s3')
    bucket = event['Records'][0]['s3']['bucket']['name']
    key = unquote_plus(event['Records'][0]['s3']['object']['key'])

    # Validate key against allowlist pattern
    if not re.match(r'^[\w\-./]+$', key):
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid S3 key: {key}")

    # Use SDK instead of shell commands
    s3.download_file(bucket, key, f'/tmp/{key.split("/")[-1]}')

# Overly permissive ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: default-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: default          # Default SA — shared by all pods!
  namespace: default
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin    # Full cluster access!
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

# Dedicated ServiceAccount with minimal Role
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: order-service
  namespace: production
  annotations:
    eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::123456:role/order-svc
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  name: order-service-role
  namespace: production
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["configmaps"]
  verbs: ["get"]

# Insecure CI pipeline — unpinned actions, no image signing
name: Deploy
on: push
jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@main   # Unpinned — could be compromised!
    - run: |
        docker build -t myapp:latest .
        docker push myregistry/myapp:latest  # No signing!
        kubectl apply -f deploy.yaml         # No admission control!

name: Secure Deploy
on: push
permissions:
  id-token: write
jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29  # Pinned SHA
    - run: |
        docker build -t myregistry/myapp:${{ github.sha }} .
        cosign sign myregistry/myapp:${{ github.sha }}  # Sign image
    - run: trivy image myregistry/myapp:${{ github.sha }} --exit-code 1
    - run: kubectl apply -f deploy.yaml  # Admission controller verifies signatures

# Secrets in plaintext environment variables
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  containers:
  - name: app
    env:
    - name: DB_PASSWORD
      value: "SuperSecret123!"   # Plaintext in manifest!
    - name: AWS_SECRET_KEY
      value: "AKIA..."             # Cloud credentials in YAML!

# Use External Secrets Operator with a vault backend
apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1beta1
kind: ExternalSecret
metadata:
  name: my-app-secrets
spec:
  refreshInterval: 1h
  secretStoreRef:
    name: vault-backend
    kind: ClusterSecretStore
  target:
    name: my-app-secrets
  data:
  - secretKey: db-password
    remoteRef:
      key: secret/data/myapp
      property: db-password

# No NetworkPolicy — all pods can talk to everything
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: production
# No NetworkPolicy resources defined
# All ingress and egress traffic is allowed by default

# Default-deny all traffic, then allow only what's needed
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-deny-all
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes: ["Ingress", "Egress"]
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-frontend-to-api
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: api-server
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          app: frontend
    ports:
    - port: 8080

# Using outdated base image with known CVEs
FROM node:14                    # EOL version with known vulns
COPY package.json .
RUN npm install                 # No audit, no lockfile verification
COPY . .
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

# Use current, slim base image with vulnerability scanning
FROM node:22-slim AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production    # Reproducible install from lockfile
RUN npm audit --audit-level=high # Fail on high+ vulns

FROM gcr.io/distroless/nodejs22-debian12
COPY --from=build /app /app
CMD ["/app/server.js"]

# Resources created without tagging or lifecycle management
resource "aws_instance" "test_server" {
  ami           = "ami-0abcdef1234567890"
  instance_type = "t3.medium"
  # No tags — who owns this? What's it for?
  # No lifecycle policy — runs forever
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket" "temp_data" {
  bucket = "temp-data-2024"
  # No expiration, no access logging
}

resource "aws_instance" "test_server" {
  ami           = "ami-0abcdef1234567890"
  instance_type = "t3.medium"

  tags = {
    Name        = "test-server"
    Owner       = "platform-team"
    Environment = "staging"
    ManagedBy   = "terraform"
    ExpiresAt   = "2026-04-30"
  }
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket" "temp_data" {
  bucket = "temp-data-2024"

  tags = {
    Owner     = "data-team"
    ManagedBy = "terraform"
  }

  lifecycle_rule {
    enabled = true
    expiration { days = 90 }
  }
}

# Pod with no resource limits
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  containers:
  - name: app
    image: myapp:latest
    # No resources block — can consume unlimited CPU/memory!

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  containers:
  - name: app
    image: myapp:1.2.3
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: "100m"
        memory: "128Mi"
      limits:
        cpu: "500m"
        memory: "512Mi"
---
# Namespace-level quota
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
  name: compute-quota
  namespace: production
spec:
  hard:
    requests.cpu: "10"
    requests.memory: "20Gi"
    limits.cpu: "20"
    limits.memory: "40Gi"

# No audit policy, no log forwarding
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  containers:
  - name: app
    image: myapp:latest
    # Logs go to stdout only — lost when pod restarts
    # No audit logging configured on the cluster
    # No runtime security monitoring

# Kubernetes audit policy for security events
apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1
kind: Policy
rules:
- level: RequestResponse
  resources:
  - group: ""
    resources: ["secrets", "configmaps"]
- level: Metadata
  resources:
  - group: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io"
    resources: ["clusterroles", "clusterrolebindings"]
- level: Metadata
  verbs: ["create", "delete", "patch"]
# Deploy Falco for runtime threat detection
# Forward logs to SIEM via Fluent Bit / Fluentd